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The Symphony No. 2 by the Polish composer Witold Lutosławski is an orchestral composition in two movements written between 1965 and 1967. The work exhibits Lutosławski's technique of "limited aleatoricism", where the individual instrumental parts are notated exactly, but their precise co-ordination is organised using controlled elements of chance. ==Personal and musical transitions== Lutosławski wrote his Symphony No. 2 between 1965 and 1967. The preceding years had been a time of transition for him and for Poland. The Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin had seized control of the country in the aftermath of World War II, and the iron-fisted cultural dictation of the Communist government severely limited both the output of Polish composers and their exposure to musical developments in the outside world between the 1949 and 1954. Many pieces, including Lutosławski's first symphony, were condemned as formalist (focused on esoteric considerations of form rather than on speaking directly to the proletariat) and banned from public performance.〔Stucky (1981), pp. 35–6 and 60–1〕 In 1956 the Poles took advantage of Stalin's death to reform their government. The national ruling communist ideology became more liberal, especially regarding the arts.〔Stucky (1981), p. 61〕 Representing this shift, the first Warsaw Autumn (Poland's international music festival) took place in 1957. The purpose of this festival was to expose Polish audiences to new music which had been prohibited by the communist regime and promote the work of modern Polish composers.〔Stucky (1981), p. 62〕 Lutosławski's work ''Muzyka żałobna'' ("Music of Mourning" sometimes translated "Funeral Music") was featured in the 1958 festival.〔Stucky (1981), p. 77〕 In the decade that followed, Lutosławski's reputation flourished both in Poland and abroad; he traveled to many European and American music centers to serve as a music critic at music festivals, hear his works performed and receive various awards.〔Stucky (1981), pp. 64, 78, and 85〕 The second symphony marked a culmination of Lutosławski's music to that point. The years between the end of World War II and its completion had been a continuous effort to cement his personal style.〔Stucky (1981), p. 64〕 Lutosławski had completed his first symphony in 1947—a work that some have called neoclassicist in its extensive use of canon and adherence to the 4-movement standard and sonata form in the first movement.〔Stucky (1981), pp. 28–30〕 Almost two decades separate the first and second symphonies, and musically, they are a world apart. In the process of composing ''Five Songs on texts of Kazimiera Iłłakowicz'' (1956–1958), ''Muzyka żałobna'' (1958), ''Three Postludes'' (1959–1964), and ''Jeux vénitiens'' (1960–1), he developed the harmonic and rhythmic elements that define the ''Symphony No. 2'' and other mature works. The second movement of the symphony, "Direct", even used some material that had been sketched and abandoned for a fourth postlude.〔Stucky (1981), p. 79〕 These hallmarks of Lutosławski's new style include harmonic aggregate chords using all twelve tones, macrorhythmic ''accelerando'', texture as a formal element, and a preference for grouping instruments with similar colors.〔Stucky (1981), pp. 65, 70, 82, and 128〕 When Lutosławski heard John Cage's piano concerto, he began exploring limited aleatoricism, and this became a feature of his style, although he intentionally never extended his employment of chance techniques beyond rhythm. Lutosławski stated that this rhythmic technique allows the performer a more interpretive role while preserving the control of the composer.〔Stucky (1981), p. 110〕 Harmonic color preoccupied him; it was one way he tied himself to previous composers like Debussy.〔Stucky (1981), p. 113〕 For Lutosławski, color was a vertical phenomenon in music, created both by the instruments used together and the intervals their parts created.〔Kaczyński (1968), pp. 112–3〕 Lutosławski proceeded on the momentum of the ''Symphony No. 2'' to write the ''Livre pour orchestre'' (1968), crystallizing his personal style even further.〔Stucky (1981), p. 172〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Symphony No. 2 (Lutosławski)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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